Aircraft Terms - The raising of the speed brake on top of the wing serves to disrupt the smooth flow of air over the wing which has the dual effect of reducing the lift of the wing and also inducing more drag.
The reduction of lift effect is used to enable an aircraft to descend more quickly without the resulting increase in speed that would accompany a ETOPS restrictions are applied in a graduated way, where aircraft types are granted higher ETOPS ratings as their service history proves their reliability.
Aircraft Terms
For instance, the first level is 60 minutes which means an aircraft must not fly further than 60 minutes (on one engine) from the nearest available airfield. As time goes on and the aircraft proves itself to be reliable this can be increased to ETOPS90, ETOPS120 and so forth.
Etops Extended Operations
These are the Aviation terms used in landing and take-off, words and phrases exchanged between the pilot and the control tower, terms for the parts of the aircraft, and the components of the aircraft and the devices in it.
Can anyone use the plane for tourism? The answer is no, tourist flights require a tourist's flight license or approval for the organization conducting the flight to be allowed to use small planes for tours and low-altitude travel.
varying forms, but put simply, they are attached to the rear of the wings, usually more inboard or close to the fuselage of the airplane. The flap function is to either slide back and down or simply drop down by varying degrees as selected by the pilot.
The result is that the wing camber, which is the curve of the top of the wing, increases. This has the effect of creating greater lift and also greater drag. The extra lift ensures the aircraft can fly slower safely.
An Explanation Of Aviation Terms
You may have noticed increased engine power being applied when approaching to land, which is done to offset the extra drag caused by the flaps. The baggage checkpoint upon arrival at the destination airport. After receiving the baggage, arriving passengers will only be able to enter the country of arrival after passing through the customs area.
Customs is the agency that ensures the items brought into a country are allowed in that country. ETOPS which can also humorously be said to stand for "Engines Turn Or Passengers Swim", is the ruling that controls the ability for twin-engine aircraft to fly further than 60 minutes from the nearest available airfield on one engine.
The ruling is mainly associated with overwater routes but in actuality can be applied to flights over large remote areas as well. By increasing lift, so with the elevators down, they cause the rear section or empennage of the aircraft to rise.
This reduces the angle of attack of the main wings which then causes the aircraft to start descending. By decreasing the lift with the elevators up, the tail section of the aircraft drops and, therefore, the angle of attack of the main wings causes the aircraft to start climbing.
The Language Of The Sky
An aircraft's elevators can be found on the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizers which in turn are located on the empennage. The purpose of elevators is to control the aircraft's pitching attitude. The pilot controls the elevators by
Our aim here is to cover and explain as many of those terms as possible, as clearly as possible. It is a work in progress as new terms come to hand as new technologies or ways of doing things are introduced.
If you feel there are terms we do not yet cover please feel free to leave a comment at the bottom of the page. We will research and add information as soon as possible. The Empennage is the section of the airplane found in most cases at the rear of the fuselage.
This section includes the tail or vertical stabilizer, including rudder and the horizontal stabilizers, including elevators. The empennage, therefore, included the flight surfaces that control the up and down movement of the aircraft as well as the yaw or side to side movement.
Phonetic Alphabet
In some aircraft like the Boeing 727, DC-10 or L1011, engines can also be present in this area. The ADF or Automatic Direction Finder is a navigational instrument that is used for marine and aviation. The instrument consists of a needle that is mounted over a compass rose.
Its use is to be tuned to radio stations on the ground which broadcast in LW, typically 190 – 535 kHz. These can be either AM stations or purpose-made NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons). Pilots can then either fly towards the beacon or use the direction to work out their relative position.
A word uttered by the pilot or his co-pilot to the control tower personnel, which means abrupt stopping of the task when the plane is on the runway for take-off before the aircraft reaches the specified speed, which occurs when any technical defect is
observed. Welcome to our glossary of aviation terms. Like every niche or industry, aviation is filled with a plethora of perplexing and bewildering terms. Of course, aviation is rich in technology that is used nowhere else and, therefore, is not familiar to most people.
Auxiliary Power Unit Apu
Deadhead — refers to a flight attendant or a pilot who is on a flight for official reasons, but not on-duty. For example, if a pilot needs to get to Atlanta, they may do so by deadheading
The retractable undercarriage is what you will find in most airliners and larger aircraft. Once the aircraft becomes airborne, the undercarriage or landing gear can be retracted into the body of the aircraft. Often doors will then close over the undercarriage storage bay.
The purpose of this is to create a smooth as possible aerodynamic shape so that the aircraft can achieve acceptable cruising speeds without the drag of protruding undercarriage. Undercarriage configurations may vary from aircraft to aircraft.
In the early days, there was a Recreational aviation is intended for aviation enthusiasts and adventurers, as it is engagement in activities that are not economic or military. One of the most important types of recreational aviation is the use of gliders, which are pulled to a certain height by another aircraft, then dropped and the pilot controls it by using air currents moving between the terrain, so it is often practiced in mountainous areas
Speed Brakes
. Non-mountainous areas require upward currents of air or thermals that create a small area of upward-moving air as a result of uneven heating of the earth's surface. The clearest example of terminology created for clear communication is the NATO phonetic alphabet.
This alphabet is recognizable from pilot movies, where pilots use phrases like "zulu alpha foxtrot" to say "ZAF." The NATO phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization during the 1950s and has since been widely adopted.
The system made it much easier to read English letters aloud because as it was, so many letters sound similar — B, C, D, E, G, P, T, V and Z sound pretty much the same.
Nowadays it's often used to sound "pilot-y" in movies, but it truly helped communication, especially when communication took place via a walkie-talkie with poor sound quality due to interference. preference for a wheel under each wing and a smaller wheel under the tail.
What Do The Big Numbers On The Runway Mean?
These are known as taildraggers. Taildraggers can be cumbersome on the ground as often the pilot can't see straight ahead due to the raised nose attitude. In addition, it is harder for the passengers to board as they have to walk uphill to their seats.
The number of wheels will vary according to the size and weight of the aircraft. For example, a light aircraft will have three single wheels. On airliners, you will find bogies which can be sets of two, four or six wheels on one assembly.
Some military aircraft have far more. Instead of just the three sets, one under each wing and one under the nose, some aircraft may have five different bogies. The Boeing 747, for example, has a bogie of two under the nose and four bogies of four wheels under the wings.
This is to spread the weight on runways and taxiways so that stress fractures and cracks do not appear on the runway surface after multiple landings. Another method for getting rid of sky ambiguity was creating a common language for all international pilots to speak: English.
Regulating Airport Speak
The European Union created a rule in 2017 where any airport with over 50,000 international flights per year must use English to communicate between pilots and air-traffic control. That includes when both the pilot and the air-traffic controller speak a different language natively.
This law puts non-English speakers at a disadvantage, because they have to obtain an International Civil Aviation Organization English Level Four certificate in order to become pilots. And the law has not come without its problems.
Whether it be to flight attendants, the air-traffic control tower or the other planes in the sky, pilots need to be able to quickly and efficiently talk to others in order to keep everything running smoothly.
They have achieved this through the creation of a complex system of shorthand jargon. While some pilot lingo grew organically from in-group communication and personal shortcuts, pilot lingo has been regulated for the past few decades so that — at least during the most important parts of the flight — it's as specific and concise as possible.
Undercarriage Or Landing Gear
The language pilots use can literally save lives. The phonetic alphabet was developed to enable radio communications to take place without the danger of misunderstanding the information that was being given. Challenges around unclear radio reception as well as aircrew who were using English as a second language were resolved by using this common method for expressing letters and numbers.
The purpose of the APU is to provide power for aircraft systems such as lighting, air conditioning and some flight controls while the aircraft is parked at the terminal. In flight, of course, the power is provided by generators attached to the main engines.
At most large airports power is provided by ground connections to avoid the running of APUs and thereby reducing noise and pollution. An aircraft's wings are designed for the aircraft to fly at its maximum possible speed, giving lift with the least amount of drag.
When, however, the aircraft is about to land or has just taken off, it is flying much slower than its ideal cruise speed. This means the wing might not be able to give enough lift and the aircraft would be susceptible to stalling.
When you arrive at the airport, look at the big screen that shows the window numbers where different airlines (companies) register passengers on flights. When you arrive at the appropriate window, the airline's registration officer will ask you about your passport and register you as a passenger on the flight.
Fixed undercarriage is when an aircraft's wheels are always in the down position and cannot be retracted. This is common in many light recreational and training aircraft which do not require speed and also need to keep their sales prices low.
ETOPS has affected aircraft like the Airbus A300, A310, A320, A330 and A350, the Boeing 737, 757, 767, 777, 787, the Embraer E-Jets, and the ATR 72. As engine technology has improved and become more reliable,
the ETOPS restriction has been relaxed. On larger aircraft, you may have noticed the exhaust pipe of a smaller engine, usually inside the tail cone of the aircraft. This engine which is a fraction of the size of the main engines is called the APU or Auxiliary Power Unit.
On twin jet airliners the APU performs as a backup power source in flight, should both engines fail. This is so that pilots will still have control of the flight surfaces to enable control of the aircraft through electrical current supplied by the APU.
These APUs must adhere to strict standards such as being able to be started ice cold at 41,000 feet. If a twin jet like the Boeing 787 has an unserviceable APU. its ETOPS certification is revoked and it must take a longer route over water not ever being more than 60 minutes from the nearest available airfield.
The military paid attention to the importance of aviation in military operations, so they provided technical ideas for the development of aircraft, and military aircraft are classified according to their tasks, such as combat jets, attack aircraft, and transport.
All of that may sound very serious, so it's good to point out that pilot lingo, or crew-speak, can also be fun. Some lingo is used by pilots and flight attendants to sarcastically communicate to each other without the passengers understanding.
The slang of the sky is a many-layered thing, and it can be vitally important or just funny. Speaking English is an advantage to becoming a pilot, but it won't be enough if you're not properly schooled in pilot lingo.
In 2017, U.K. publications were fuming about a report that non-English-speaking pilots were being given their language certificates too quickly and putting passengers' lives at risk because they didn't have a strong enough grasp of English.
What the report also found was that English-speaking pilots were not doing too well, either. The English speakers spoke too colloquially and were never properly taught how to speak pilot lingo, because it was assumed they'd have an easy time mastering it.
But it seems all pilots and air-traffic controllers need extensive training to communicate efficiently. We know aircraft are built in most cases to travel quickly through the air. However, they also need to be able to slow down when required, such as when they are making their approach to land.
Pilot lingo can pretty much be broken down into three categories. There's the technical, like "standby" for "pause for the next transmission" and "flight level," which means "the vertical altitude at a standard pressure" (so it's more technical than just "altitude").
There are the euphemisms to mislead passengers, such as "last-minute paperwork" meaning "delay" and "at this time" being a nice way to say "now." And then there are the funny: "groin scan" refers to the seatbelt check flight attendants do, and "crumb crunchers" is a somewhat rude word for "children."
With all that in mind, you'll be ready for your next flight.
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